WAEC Syllabus for Forestry PDF Download 2021/2022

SECTION A

INTRODUCTION TO FORESTRY

1.  Basic concepts of forest      and forestry.

2.   Introduction to Forest

Ecology.                          (a)   Concept of forest

Ecology.

(b)   Forest Ecosystem

(c) Ecosystem functions

3. Ecological Zones

(a)  Vegetation Zones

(b)  Factors Affecting

Distribution of

Vegetation.

(c)   Forest Types

(i)                 Comparison  of

Forest Types.

(ii)   Land use

Practices.

(d)   Major Forest Types in Relation to Latitudes.

4.   Introduction to

Wildlife

(a)    Concept of

Wildlife

(b)   Identification of

Wildlife species

(c)      Importance of

Wildlife

(d)     Endangered, Rare and      Common Wildlife Species

(e)     Wildlife Reserves

(f)     Wildlife Management

Practices

5.   Plant parts and Tree

Identification

(a)  Plant Parts and

Functions

(b)  Identification of Trees

SECTION B

FOREST ESTATES

1.Concept of Forest Estates

2. Management of Forest

Estates

3.Current State of the Forest

4.   Protective Measures

5.   Deforestation

(a)  Forms and Causes

(b)  Effects of defore-station

(c)  Control of

Deforestation

6.    Reforestation,

Afforestation  and

Reafforestion.

7.   Natural Regeneration

(a) Concept of natural

regeneration

(b)  Factors influencing

the choice of natural regeneration

(c) Succession in

natura regeneration

(d)   Intervention         methods           during natural regeneration

(e)  Other intervention

measures

(i)      Agro-forestry

(ii)    Taungya Practices

8.  Artificial Regeneration

9.  Invasive  Alien species

SECTION C

PLANTATION     

ESTABLISHMENT AND,    

FOREST   

MENSURATION

1. Plantation Development

(a)  Factors influencing

plantation development

(b)  Plantation Planning

and Design

2.  Nursery Establishment

(a)  Cultural  Practices

(b)   Nursery Tools and Equipment

(c)   Nursery Pests and Diseases

(d)   Costing Nursery Establishment

3. Planting and Tending

(a)   Land Preparation

(b)   Seedling Planting

(c) Tending Operations

(d)   Operational Costs

4.  Forest Mensuration

(a)  Meaning, Importance          and Purpose

(b)   Measuring   Instruments

and Equipment

(c)     Enumeration of      Growing Stock and Sampling Methods.

(d)    Surveys

SECTION D

HARVESTING AND MARKETING OF FOREST RESOURCES

1. Harvesting of Timber

(a)  Factors to con-

sider/Pre-harvesting

activities.

(b)  Procedures to

follow

(c)  Log Markings

(d)   Harvesting,

Extraction and

Transportation

Processes

(e)   Harvesting

Equipment and

Safety Measures

2.    Harvesting of Non-

Timber Forest  Products   (NTFPs)

3.    Uses of Harvested

Forest  Products

4.   Harvesting of Wildlife

5.   Harmful Wildlife

Harvesting  Practices.

6.  Marketing of Forest

Products

(a)  Classification of

forest products

(b)  Contribution of

forest products to

national economy

(c) Demand for forest

products

(i) Factors affecting

demand for forest

products

(ii)  Types of forest

products demanded

by the local market

and foreign market

(iii)             Differences in

demand for products

(iv)  Socio-economic

benefits and effects    of demand for product

7.  Marketing Agencies and

their functions

8.   Forest Industries

(a) Timber Industries

and Timber Products.

(b)   Career and Training

Opportunities

9.  Establishing enterprises

in forestry

SECTION E

FORESTRY SECTOR

STRUCTURES

1.      Policy-making,

Implementation,

Monitoring and

Evaluation.

2.  Training and Research

3.Rights to Forest Resources

(a)  Types of Rights

(b)  Acquisition of  Rights

(c)  Violation of Rights

4.   Role of Stakeholders

5.   Land Tenure Systems

(a)  Types of Land

Tenure Systems

(b)  Role of Stools, Skins

and Central Govern-

ment in Land Ownership

(c)  Land Registration

(d) Impact of Land Tenure on Land  use.

6.Forest Policy and Law

SECTION F

INCOME GENERATION

VENTURES

(1)   Cultivation of

Mushroom

(a)   Importance and   uses of  mushroom

(b)  Biology of mushroom

(i)   Classification of      fungi

(ii)   Poisonous and

Non-poisonous

mushroom/

Commercial and

Non-commercial

Mushroom

(iii)  Commonly                             cultivated mushroom in West Africa

(iv) Nutrition of

mushroom

(v)  Life cycle of       mushroom

(vi)  Methods of    mushroom

cultivation

(vii)  Production

practices

(viii)    Harvesting of

mushroom

(ix)   Post-harvest

handling

2.   Beekeeping

(a)   Importance of

beekeeping

(b)   Apiary establishment

(c)   Members of honey

bee colony and

their roles

(c)      Management of an

apiary-routine

practices and

precautions

(d)   Maturity of colony,

harvesting and                                processing.

(e)    Marketing of honey and other products

G.  PRACTICAL
SYLLABUS

1.Inroduction to Wildlife

and Plant Identification.

2.   Tools, Equipment and

Machinery

3.   Nursery practices

4.  Plantation Establishment:

Land preparation

5.  Forest Mensuration

6.   Harvesting of Forest

Resources

(1)    Methods of Harvesting

Timber

(2)    Methods of

Harvesting

Non-timber Forest

Products (Plants                andAnimals)

7.   Processing of Forest

Resources

(1)  Timber

(2)  Non-Timber Forest

Products

8.    Income Generating

Ventures

(1)  Mushroom

Cultivation

(2)  Beekeeping

Candidates will be examined on the meaning of forest and forestry.  Knowledge of the differences between Forestry and Agriculture in terms of land occupancy, time frame; risk etc. and the business aspects of forestry will be assessed.

The functions of the forest; types of plants in the forest (trees, shrubs, herbs, climbers, special plants); the local and botanical names of timber trees will also be assessed.

Candidates’ ability to describe plant habitats i.e. water -logged (aquatic), dry land, valley/slope, hill tops (terrestrial) and on plants (arboreal) and to name the types of plants found in the various habitats will be assessed.

Types of animals found in the forest; (birds, insects, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, snails) and characteristics of the habitats of the animals are required.

Knowledge of the characteristics of the Forest environment;  its physical components; and the meaning of forest ecology is  required.

The meaning of ecosystem and examples/types of ecosystem in various habitats (aquatic, terrestrial, arboreal); the major components of the ecosystem and their functions are required.

Understanding of food chains and food webs and the types of producer – consumer relationships including symbiotic associations eg. rhizobium in the various habitats in the forest environment will be  assessed.

Differences between saprophytes and epiphytes are also required.

Knowlege of ecosystem functions (Regulation, supporting, cultural) will be assessed. Effects of good and degraded ecosystems on health is also required.

The characteristics of the major  vegetation zones and vegetation  types in West Africa will be assessed.  Comparisons of the various zones in terms of differences in plant species will be required.

The typical plants and animals and their characteristics and the various plant and animal associations in the zones will be assessed.

The vegetation types are Wet-evergreen, Moist-evergreen, Moist semi-deciduous, Dry semi-deciduous, Mangroves and Savannah.

Factors affecting the distribution of vegetation namely; Climatic (rainfall and temperature), Edaphic (soil factors) and Biotic factors will be assessed.

The Distribution, Composition and Structure of Tropical High Forest (Tropical rain forest, tropical moist semi-deciduous forest), Savannah, Coastal Scrub and Grassland is required.  Characteristics of virgin or primeval, secondary, natural and artificial forests are also required.

Land use practices in the different vegetation zones will be assessed.

The characteristics of the following major forest types in relation to latitude i.e. Tropical, Temperate Coniferous and Arctic forest types is required.

Understanding of the relationship between temperature and latitude in the determination of the forest types, and the knowledge of the characteristics and distribution of angiosperms and gymnosperms are required.

Understanding of the term wildlife and knowledge of wildlife resources in Ghana will be assessed.

Knowledge of the common and scientific names of wildlife species is required.

The importance of wildlife to the Socio-economy; Environment, Forestry, Tourism and Scientific research will be assessed.

Examples of the wildlife species that are Endangered (e.g. Elephants), Rare (e.g. Porcupine) and Common (e.g. grasscutter); and the reasons why the wildlife species are in those states will be assessed.

Types and examples of wildlife reserves in Ghana will be assessed.

The types of wildlife reserves are as follows:

(i)         National Parks e.g. Mole, Kakum, Bui.

(ii)        Game Production Reserves e.g. Shai Hills

(iii)       Wildlife Sanctuaries e.g. Buabeng-Fiema, Owabi

(iv)       Strict Nature Reserves e.g. Digya

The features and location of the various wildlife reserves is also required.

Management practices associated with the various wildlife reserves and zoos; and protection of game reserves against poachers will be examined.

The morphological and anatomical features of plants and their functions will be assessed.  Anatomy of the leaf, stem and roots; covering tissues such as xylem, phloem, cambium, epidermis, cortex and pith is required.

Ability to identify trees using the observable

features of tree parts such as leaves, bark, buttress

and stem is required.

Knowledge of local/trade names and scientific

names and application of rubrics of scientific

nomenclature are required.

The  processes for Reservation and

Constitution of a forest estate; the role of a

Reserve Settlement Commissioner; Internal and

External Pillaring and Admitted Rights.

Differences between Protected forest and Non-

protected forest is required.

Systems of  Management and Development of Public and Private Estates will be examined.

Forest estate management problems such as Bushfires, Illegal farming, Illegal felling, Chain-sawing and Illegal mining and their solutions will be assessed.

Understanding of bushfires as

(i)   management problem, and

(ii)  management tool is required.

Knowledge of historical facts of Ghana’s forest:

area, composition of forest resources, and

population growth showing the trend of forest

depletion from the past to present; i.e. from the

beginning of the century through independence to

the current estimate of  closed forest is required.

Forest resources threatened by over-exploitation and measures introduced by the

Forest Services Division to stop over-exploitation

and protect the forest resources; including

–         Ban on log exports,

–         Star rating of species,

–         Differential stumpage fees,

–         Participatory forestry,

–         Yield selection and approval,

–         Acquisition of permits and felling rights is

required.

Understanding of the term deforestation; the

indicators or manifestations of deforestation in

the environment and the causes of deforestation

through human activity; bushfires, farming

activities, felling of trees for various purposes,

settlement and urbanization, etc. is required.

The effects of deforestation on

(i)       Soil fertility

(ii)      Animal habitat/population

(iii)     Economy

(iv)     Environment

are required.

Control measures such as appropriate farm practices, education, control of indiscriminate tree felling, enforcement of forest laws and regulations, appropriate harvesting and milling equipment;

and Intervention programmes such as education,

rehabilitation, afforestation and reforestation are

required.

The meanings of reforestation, afforestation and

reafforestation and the differences between them

are required.`

Understanding of silvicultural terminologies such

as silvics, silviculture, soil seed bank, shade-

demanding plants, light- demanding plants, plant

succession and forest gaps is also required.

Understanding of  the concept of natural

regeneration, soil seed bank, gaps (natural) is

required.

Factors leading to the choice of natural                         regeneration i.e. topography and slope, type of              forest, level and extent of deforestation, occurrence of seed bearing (mother) trees will be assessed.

The stages of Succession (primary, secondary and

climatic climax) and examples of light and shade

tolerant trees are required.

When to use intervention methods such as line and spot planting to supplement  natural regeneration potential of forest is required.

Advantages of natural regeneration over artificial

regeneration are also required.

The meaning of the term agro-forestry;

Knowledge and skills in carrying out agro-forestry

practices such as Agro-silviculture, alley cropping,

mulching, pruning etc. are required.

Characteristics of plants suitable for agro-forestry;

the benefits derived from practising agro-forestry

such as providing mulch (green manure), pruning

material for fodder, companion food, fire wood

from the same piece of land area; and its role in

plant nutrient recycling is required.

Knowledge of  Silvo-pastoral and Agro-silvo-

pastoral practices is also required.

Understanding of the concept of Taungya,                                  historical background, the factors/conditions that influence the choice of taungya in forest estate and the advantages and disadvantages of the practice are required.

Understanding of the concept of artificial

regeneration (forest plantations) with regard to the

use of indigenous species or exotic species in pure

or mixed stands; and the advantages and

disadvantages of the use of exotic species in

plantation development are required.

Knowledge of  invasive alien plants

e.g.

Aquatic:  Eichlorniacrassipes (water hyacinth);

Salviniamolesta (Kariba weed), Pistiastratoites

(water lettuce), Mimosa pigra(large sensitive plant)

Terrestrial:Chromolaenaodorata (Acheampong

weed), Broussonetiapapyrifera (Pulp mulberry –

York), Leucaenaleucocephala

The purpose of plantation establishment and     differences between plantation and natural forest is required.

Understanding of factors such as the following

that influence plantation development will be

assessed:

(i)     Deficit of wood for industrial and domestic use.

(ii)     Level of environmental degradation.

(iii)    Need to improve upon the stocking of                         existing tree species.

(iv)    Need for specific tree type for industrial

purposes.

Ability to plan and design a plantation considering

its objectives, site selection and preparation, species

selection, cost etc. is required.

The functions and importance of a nursery as a

supply source of seedlings of high  quality is

required. Knowledge of types of nurseries

(permanent and flying or temporary nurseries) is

also required.

Bed preparation and other cultural practices such as

pricking out; stumping; stripling; hardening-off;

transplanting; seed collection; storage; treatment

and sowing; watering; weeding and shading will be

assessed.

Knowledge of types of nursery tools and equipment such as pick-axe, shovel, rake, hoe, wheel barrow, cutlass, watering can and their uses will also be assessed.

Knowledge of nursery pests such as slugs/snails and termites; the nature of damage caused by the pests and their control is required.

Knowledge of nursery diseases, such as damping off and rust, their symptoms and control is also required.

Knowledge of various sources of cost in establishing a nursery grouped into:

(i)         Direct costs:  raw materials, labour and                         expenses for tools etc, and

(ii)        Indirect costs:  cost of work-related materials          e.g. stationery and other consumables;               maintenance costs, rent of nursery plot, will          be assessed.

Ways of controlling nursery cost and record keeping will also be assessed.

Site clearing and pegging at required spacing is required.

Use of appropriate methods of planting seedlings is required.

Tending operations and the importance of each                tending operation is required.

The operations required include Weeding

(complete, spot and line), Beating up, Pruning

and Thinning.

The effects of improper tending  such as poor                height and diameter growth, early branching and

poor wood quality will also be required.

Knowledge of sources of operational costs

(direct and indirect costs) and their significance

in management is required.

Knowledge of kinds of records to be kept on a

plantation and the Importance of Record Keeping

is also required.

Understanding of the term forest mensuration and its importance; and the purpose of mensuration in Forestry including the comparison of current and future states of the forest, determination of quantity of trees, costing and pricing, management, etc. are required.

Knowledge of and skills in the use of tools,

instruments and equipment for forest mensuration

are required.  The tools, instruments and

equipment include Haga altimeter, tape,     clinometer, compass, measuring chain, ranging

poles and arrows.

Knowledge of the paramenters measured and the units of measurement in the metric system is required.  Ability to determine height, diameter, girth and volume of trees is also required.

Kinds of enumeration (100%, 5%,2%) of

growing stock; sampling and sampling methods adopted in forest mensuration (selective, systematic and random sampling) is required.

Understanding of survey, kinds of survey (stock survey, strip survey and land survey) and its significance will be assessed. Knowledge of and use of conventional keys/symbols in recording botanical names of trees is required.

Factors to consider before harvesting timber; and

the pre-harvesting activities carried out will be

assessed. These include stock survey,

reconnaissance and field inspections, pre-felling

inspection and selection of trees to fell.

The procedures to follow in harvesting timber in

natural Forests and Plantations is required.  These

include permit acquisition, yield approval (for

natural forest); felling, extraction and measurement.

Knowledge of how logs are marked and

interpretation of log markings; namely, property

mark, locality mark, compartment number, stock

survey number, tree number, reserve code and log

number will be assessed.

The following processes will be assessed:

Felling and cross-cutting, Hauling, Marking,

Loading and Transportation.

Knowledge of the various equipment for harvesting timber including chain-saw, hand saw, axe and cutlass and their advantages and disadvantages is required. Safety measures taken when harvesting timber such as use of safety gear, directional felling, staff training will also be assessed.

Examples of non-timber forest products including Marantaceae leaves, chewing sticks, plant medicines, canes, rafters, bush meat is  required.

Knowledge of methods of harvesting NTFPs. ie. Hunting (bushmeat), Gathering (Leaves, food, snails, medicine, mushroom), Trapping (birds, bushmeat) considering the safety and sustainability of each method is required.

Common uses of forest products e.g. shelter, furniture, household utilities, artefacts, food, and medicine is required.

Knowledge of wildlife harvesting techniques namely; hunting, trapping, baiting and gathering; and the sustainability of the harvesting techniques will be assessed.

Knowledge of endangered, rare and common species and reasons for them being endangered, rare or common will be assessed

Harmful wildlife harvesting practices such as use of chemicals, fire, gin-trap and measures to control them will be assessed.

Measures aimed at reducing wildlife harvesting   including training and education, sanctions and               confiscation of harmful equipment, close and open hunting seasons, hunting permits and ban on   night hunting required.

Classification of forest products into direct and

indirect benefits are required.

(i)  Direct benefits:  Timber and Non-timber forest

products

(ii) Indirect benefits: Non-tangible products

Contribution of forest products to income and

employment generation will be assessed.

Factors which affect demand for forest products,

including

–     Demand spectrum of selected forest products

–     Local and external markets for products

–    Role of forest-based industries

–    Current use is required.

Forest products demanded locally including

bushmeat, pestles, wrappers,chewing stick,

timber, mushroom, medicinal plants etc. and those

demanded by foreign market including processed

timber, medicinal plants, rattan, live animals,

animal trophies etc. will be assessed.

Reasons for differences in demand for products  on

both local and foreign markets will be assessed.

These include

–  differences in taste

–  differences in lifestyle

–  differences in the level of economics development

–  quality of produce

–  availability of produce

Socio-economic benefits and effects

of demand for forest products such as increased revenue, employment opportunities and depletion of resources will also be assessed.

The various agencies involved in the marketing of forest products and their functions is required. The agencies include the following:

Wood products-GEPC, TIDD

Other products like medicinal plants, wood carving, rattan productsetc.- GEPC and other private companies.

Different types of forest industries e.g. sawmills, plywood mills, chipboard mills, their locations and sources of raw materials will be assessed.

The contribution of the forest industries to the economy with emphasis on timber processing, range of products; marketing, employment opportunities, and export earnings will be required.

Processes involved in timber processing and the products obtained namely sawn boards; ( 2 x 4, 2 x 6,  1 x 8, 1 x 12 etc.) veneer and plywood will be required.

Sawmilling equipment used in processing the timber into the products eg. bandmill, slice veneer equipment, rotary veneer equipment will also be assessed.

Forestry training institutions in Ghana and job opportunities in Forestry and forestry-related careers such as carpentry and furniture, wood carving, wood marketing and export, wood

Knowledge of the factors and resources for establishing forest enterprises is required. Factors – e.g. Identification of business opportunities in forestry, identification of a forestry product or service needed.

Resources:- land, capital, materials and structures etc.

Procedures for establishing enterprises in forestry

Functions of the Ministry responsible for forestry    (Ministry of Land, Forestry and Mines) and the   structures and functions of the Forestry            Commission (FC) will be assessed.

Functions of the following implementing agencies   will also be assessed:

Forest Services Division (FSD), Wildlife

Division (WD) and Timber Industry

Development Division (TIDD).

Roles of the following training and research institutions for improving the forest industry will be assessed : FORIG, FRNR, FFRT and WITC.

Existing rights governing the use of forest resources in Ghana will be assessed.  These include Timber Utilization Contract (TUC), Timber Utilization Permit (TUP) and Salvage Permits for timber resources and Permits for non-timber forest products.

Differences between the rights will also be assessed.

Procedure for acquiring TUC, TUP and other permits is required.

Activities that violate rights (illegal activities) such as illegal felling, poaching of wildlife, encroachment (illegal farming, illegal mining) is required.

Stakeholders of forest resources and the roles                they play in sustaining the forest is required.

Stakeholders include:

(i)   Government Sector Institutions – Forestry

Commission (WD, FSD, TIDD)

(ii)  Traditional Authorities and Communities.

(iii)  Non-Governmental Organisations

(iv) Forest-based industries.

Understanding of the terms; and ability to

distinguish between alienation rights and also

required.

The major land tenure systems in Ghana: Communal, individual, leasehold etc; and the advantages and disadvantages of the systems will be assessed.

Role of stools and skins and central government in land ownership will be assessed.

The importance and the procedure for land       registration will be assessed.

Effects of land tenure on land use systems e.g.

fragmentation, litigation etc. and ways to

improve the land tenure system in Ghana are

required.

Forest and Wildlife policy and its importance e.g. Management of forest estate, production of forest industries, manpower training and research, stakeholders interest will be assessed.

Forest and Wildlife laws and their importance are also required.

Importance of mushroom i.e. economic, nutritional,

medicinal and agricultural uses of by-products will be assessed.

Classes of fungi and their characteristics with special emphasis on Basidiomycetes will be assessed.

Features of poisonous and non-poisonous mushrooms; commercial and non-commercial mushroom will be assessed.

Names of; and ability to identify mushrooms that are commonly-cultivated in West Africa are required.

How mushroom obtains its nutrients or subsists on substrates/media will be assessed.

The life cycle of mushroom showing the reproduction and production cycles in mushroom is required.

The different methods used for cultivating      mushroom indicating in particular the stages/steps that are followed in each of the following methods:

–   local/pit method

–   high bed method

–   low bed method

–   indoor/commercial/plastic bag method

will be assessed.

Practices involved in the production of mushroom, especially by the bag method namely;

–   composting the substrate

–   bagging the substrate

–   sterilizing the bagged compost

–   inocu lation

–   cropping is required.

Ability to detect signs of maturity, techniques and precautions used when harvesting, frequency of harvest and yield of the different types of mushroom, will be assessed.

Skills in the processing and packaging of mushroom and methods of preservation such as roasting, freezing and canning are required.

Importance of beekeeping will be assessed.

Skills in the establishment of an apiary i.e. siting beehives, baiting and capturing will be assessed.

Characteristics and roles of the members of honey bee colony namely; queens, drones and workers is required.

Routine management practices and precautions to avoid harm to farmers will be assessed.

Ability to control  pests and diseases of honey bees will also be assessed.

Detection signs of  maturity, methods of harvesting and processing of  honey, wax and other products will be assessed

Strategies for marketing honey and other products is required.

Methods and skills in identification and classification of plants and animals i.e. Wildlife:

Fauna

Using observation skills to recognize wildlife through footprints, tracks, droppings, size, form, external features and prominent organs.

Plants:

Using observation skills to recognize plant parts: stem form, crown shape, size, texture and arrangement of vegetative parts, colour of flower, fruit, etc.   Application of conventional keys.

Knowledge of habitats of wildlife is required. The anatomy of leaves, stems and roots is also required.

Ability to identify, use and maintain tools, equipment and machinery used in forestry and wildlife management is required.

Advantages and disadvantages of using the tools are required.

Soil treatment methods, seed collection and storage, seed testing and treatment;  methods of sowing and planting; and practices such as pricking-out, hardening-off and transplanting; Nursery pests and diseases and their control are required.

Ability to design a calendar for tree nursery development is also required.

Plantation design and planning, surveying and site clearing, pegging, methods of planting and cultural practices such as Thinning, Pruning, Weeding, Beating up and Record Keeping are required.

Methods and ability to determine height, diameter, girth and volume of trees and NTFPs, and angles of slopes are required.

Knowledge of units of measurement, and use of conventional symbols are also required.

Felling operations and safety measures, procedure for harvesting will be assessed.

Log markings:  property mark, locality marks, compartment number, stock survey number, tree number, reserve code, log number etc. is required.

Existing harvesting practices; hunting wildlife (bushmeat), collection (snails, mushroom) Gathering (leaves, food, medicine) Trapping (wildlife); and harmful harvesting practices are required.

Ability to identify types of processed forest products e.g. samples of veneer, plywood, particle board, artefacts (wood carvings) etc. is required.

Knowledge and understanding of methods of

processing timber into the aforementioned

products are also required.

Ability to identify products such as rattan,

bamboo, mushrooms, snails, bush meat,

medicinal plants etc. and knowledge of their

processing and preservation methods and their

uses will be assessed.

Ability to identify kinds of mushroom, and

knowledge of the uses, methods of cultivation,

production, harvesting, processing and

preservation practices are required.

Ability to identify various members of bee

colony and knowledge of their roles and uses of

products are required.

Knowledge and understanding of management,

harvesting, processing and marketing activities

are also required.